Jury nullification
From RationalWiki
Jury nullification is a de facto power of juries to acquit a guilty defendant based on a refusal to accept the law under which the defendant is charged with a crime. While most courts consider nullification a fundamental abuse of jury power (mistrials have been called when a defense counsel attempts to persuade the jury to nullify a verdict), in practice, many countries with a trial-by-jury system (particularly the United States) tend to feel that the deliberations of a jury are private and sacrosanct, and such verdicts generally are allowed to stand (especially in such jurisdictions where double jeopardy -- the right not to be charged twice with the same crime -- attaches). (Juries can also (and probably have) convicted an innocent defendant as well, but is less effective due to the defendant's right to an appeal after conviction; this has sometimes been lumped in with jury nullification but in fact it is the opposite of jury nullification.)
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[edit] In practice
In practice, jury nullification is often used as a protest of a law. Frequent jury nullification of sedition laws in colonial America and alcohol control laws during Prohibition led to legal reforms in those cases, as well as draft evasion cases in the early 1970s, but nullification was also often used to acquit white criminals of cases involving murders of blacks in the Jim Crow south. The acquittals of Michael Jackson and O.J. Simpson were occasionally labeled as jury nullification by the media whether or not they actually were (in this case, on the basis of the perception the prosecutions were politically motivated show trials that had become media circuses.)
Jury nullification is not, in itself, a crank issue; it is simply a de facto power of juries, nor is the promotion of jury nullification necessarily a crank issue when it is done to remind juries they have this right with the intended effect of ensuring the law is not unjustly applied and ensuring against showboat trials by prosecutors trying to advance their own careers. However, jury nullification is also a cause célèbre among some activist groups who see it as a key to advancing their particular crank issue, particularly right wing groups such as tax protesters and the militia movement - who see in jury nullification a potential wedge for making the tax code unenforcable if they can convince a few jurors of their frivolous arguments against the tax code. The Citizen's Rule Book is an anonymous booklet promoting jury nullification from a fundamentalist Christian slant (our rights come from God, Biblical law is a higher law than secular law, jurors should acquit when man's laws conflict with the Bible, etc.) It has also become popular among people protesting the War on Drugs (the producers of the HBO crime drama The Wire, for example, came out in favor of use of it in drug trials in a 2008 article in Time magazine). On the left, George Washington University professor Paul Butler advocates widespread jury nullification in all trials of African American defendants as a means of overcoming systemic racial disparities in the court system. Libertarians are often advocates of jury nullification.
[edit] Fallacies
Advocacy of jury nullification as a means of protesting laws with which people disagree is often done out of opposition to those laws. Yet, as a strategy, jury nullification does nothing to establish any legal precedent against those laws. A fallacy exists among some of its promoters, particularly of the tax protester ilk but also among some marijuana legalization advocates, that jury nullification will result in making those laws of no effect; when in fact, all it does is result in making those laws unevenly enforced. One juror practicing jury nullification and holding out for acquittal will merely result in a hung jury, and the case can be and often is retried. The few cases where the entire jury moves to acquit a defendant can be contrasted to the many where technical violations of those same laws resulted in a conviction. For this reason, civil liberties groups like the ACLU have not been particularly keen on joining the jury nullification cause, on the grounds that it results in uneven (and hence, in the eyes of some, unfair) application of the law while accomplishing nothing toward repealing bad laws, which should be the real goal. Jury nullification advocates counter by pointing to some specific instances where widespread refusal of juries to prosecute and general noncooperation with the law, most notably during alcohol prohibition in the United States, fugitive slave laws, and draft resisters during the Vietnam War, did help bring an end to those laws.
[edit] Fully Informed Jury Association
In the United States, a Montana-based group called the Fully Informed Jury Association, or FIJA, was one of the more visible advocates of jury nullification. FIJA was originally founded by Libertarian activists in Montana, and much of their work was on ill-fated attempts at passing constitutional amendments to state constitutions establishing that jurors be informed of their right to nullify a law, often using the ballot initiative process, passing out literature outside courthouses, and on convincing state governors to declare a "jury rights day" (a strictly ceremonial gesture). More recently, FIJA has changed direction, is under new leadership, and now seems to be making common cause with some pseudolaw advocates, especially in FIJA's annual distribution of a "Freedom Calendar" that is full of atrociously reasoned fundamentalist Christian and "common law" references.
In an interesting sidenote, FIJA California member Jack Gerritsen appears to be the same Jack Gerritsen who, using the fraudulently obtained amateur callsign KG6IRO (now belonging to an amateur radio club that wanted it as a joke), was sentenced to seven years in prison for repeated disruption of public safety communications and unlicensed operation on the ham bands in 2006.[1]
[edit] See also
- Citizen's Rule Book
- See the Wikipedia article on Jury nullification.
